book Maths Puzzle Numerical Ability

Please help me (and explain the breakdown steps alon the way please)solve this (The chart may not come through, so I'll do my best to explain it. Thank you.

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book Other Question

Please help me understand how to factor this. I understand how to factor quadratic equations but this for some reason throws me for a loop. Thanks in advance.
Factor the polynomial 27x^3 - 8y^3. What is the domain of:

f(x) = x/xsquared + 3x - 4