Book Maths Puzzle Age Problem

Samantha is 8 and two-third years older than Jason. The sum of their ages is 23 years. How old is Jason?

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Book Other Question

(x + 1)^3 = 27

thanks
I am learning to dividing polynomials and I understand the synthetic division on easy one but, then if you put one like 4x + 4x -13x +5 * (2x+5)= ?

which number do I divide by