book Maths Puzzle Numerical Ability

please help me. solve the following

......4p - 1
4+ ------- = 5
........3

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book Other Question

Please!

help me out with this equation from the GRE ETS book .... I don't understand the result.

2^30 - 2^29
____________ = 2^28
2

THANK YOU SO MUCH!!!!!!!!!!!!
y=sqrt x