book Maths Puzzle Numerical Ability

functions
how do I solve this problem
y = x+5
the answer is......

y is equivalent to the sum of a constant c and x, where c = 5

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book Other Question

Mr X spent 2.5 hrs biking up a mountain. Rested for 30 minutes. Biked down in 1.5 hrs. How far did Mr. X bike, if his rate of ascent was 3 km/hr less than his rate of decent? I am supposed to find the value of x and y and do not know where to start. Here is the problem:

x-4y+22
2x+5y=-21